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Monday, 14 July 2014

BSC GENETIC ( Advanced Genetics)

   Semester VI    paper VII      advance Genetic

 1. Development Genetics:
    Factors controlling development. Nuclear changes during development (Nuclear transplantation) Switching genes on and off during development. Fate mapping; Tissue specific methylation. Differential expression of haemoglobingenes. 
The genetics of development in Drosophila and arabidopsis.
Homoetic genes in genetic control of flower. Flower morphogenesis (Rice and Arabidopsis thaliana)

 2. Evolutionary Genetics:
   Mutation theory: Neo Darwinism; Synthetic Theory. Evolution at molecular level; Nucleotide sequence. Speciation; Races and Specied, Methods of speciation

 3. Population Genetics:
  Gene pool and gene frequencies: Hardy- Weinvberg principle, Evolutionary agents: Selection-differential selection, fitness, gametic selection, zygotic selection; Migration and Random drift.

                         Biometrical Genetics

a) Quanhtitative characters:
 Description of continuous variation in quantitative or economic characters in crop plants and animals: Grain/Crop yield, Milk yield, Egg size and number. Litter size in pigs, Wool yield and Body weight in sheep

 b) Quantitative inheritance:
    Features of polygenic traits in relation to oligogenic traits. Inheritance of Kernel color in wheat, Ear length in maize, body size in rabbits and poultry and skin colour in human. Transgressive inheritance. Assumptions of polygenic inheritance. Environmental effects

 c) Partitioning of polygenic variability
   phenotypic & genotypic and environmental variability. Additive Variance, Dominance variance and Epistatic variance

d)  Phenotypic & Genotypic coefficients of Variation (PCV & GCV)
   Heritability in broad sense, Genetic advance, genotypic and phenotypic correlations. Path coefficient analysis. Selection index
Significance of polygenic inheritance in evolution and improvement of crop varieties as well as animal breeds.

 e) Cancer Genetic:
   Regulation of mitotic cell cycle in eukaryotes and intercellular communication in multi cellular eukaryotes. properties of cancer cells. Proto oncogenes, oncogenes, Cellular oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Viral oncogenes.
Chromosomal abnormalities associated with the specific malignancies-CML,APL,ALL, ANLL,CLL & Retinoblastoma.

 f) Introduction to Genomics and Proteomics:
  PAPER VIII        APPLIED GENETICS

 1. Recombinant DNA Technology Application in medicine & Industry:
    Producton of recombinant insulin, interferon & human growth hormone (HGH), antibiotics, steroid drugs, and vaccines. Preparation of DNA probes, monoclonal antibodies and diagnostic kits.
DNA finger printing
Recovery of DNA, Restriction digestion and Electrophoresis (RFLP & RAPD), Southern blotting, Autoradiography and matching with known marker bands. Application: Forensic Science, Medico-legal, Wildlife and Plant Science.

2. Genetic Resources:
   Germplasm, classificaton, Germplasm activities, Organizations associated with germplasm (NBPGR, National Facility of Drosophila)

Center of Diversity and Gene Bank
   Introduction, Genetic Erosion, Biodiversity, Centers of Diversity, Vavilovian Centers of Diversity, Law of parallelism, Gene Sanctuaries, Gene Bank and Cyro-preservation.

3.  Hoterosis breeding in Animals:

4.  Identification of Hybrid plants:
Phenotypic identificaton of Hybrid plants using Gene marks and computation of Genetic Purity Pot Culturing.
Parents and Hybrids of crops such as Cotton, Chilies, Onion, Tomato, etc, (Source: KSSCA, Bangalore and IIHR, Hesaragatta).

6. Study Tour to premier Plant and/or Animal Breeding Centres.




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Genetics

Paper 6 Human Genetics
   
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Wednesday, 2 July 2014

v semester bsc basic human genetics

           BASIC HUMAN GENETICS

 1. Human chromosome:
       - Normal Human karyotype:Paris nomenclature, Flow karyotype (Quantification of DNA of individual chromosomes) FACS-Fluorescence activated cell sorter.

 2. Genetic Diseases & inheritance pattern

      - Autosomal inheritance-Dominant
      (Ex-Adult polycystic kidney, Achondroplasia & Neurofibromatosis)
     - Autosomal inheritance-Recessive
        (Albinism, Sickle cell anemia & phenylketonuria)
    - X-linked Recessive
        (Ex-Duchenne muscular dystrophy-DMD)
    - X-linked Dominant
       (Ex-Xg blood group)
    - Y-linked inheritance
      (Holandric gene Ex. Testes determining factor-TDF)
    - Multifactorial inheritance
      (Ex-Congenital malformations-cleft lip & palate, Rheumatoid arthritis & Diabetes)
     - Mitochondrial diseases
        (Ex-Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy)

 3. Pedigree studies & Genetic counseling:
  -Symbols used in pedigree studies, pedigree analysis & construction, pedigree analysis for the inheritance pattern of genetic diseases.
 - Genetic counseling
        *stage1: History & pedigree construction
        *stage2: Examination
        * stage3: Diagnosis
        * stage4: counseling
        * stage5: Follow up

 4. Immunology and immunogenetics:
      - Introduction to immunology
      - cells of immune system
      - Genetics of immune system
      - Immune response, immunity-innate & Acquired
      - inherited immunodeficiency-Ex-X-linked agammaglobulineamia
      - Major Histocompatibility complex-Study of Twins(MHC)
      - HLA disease association
      - Transplantation, graft-versus-host disease.

 5. Dermatoglyphics
     - Introduction & classification, Flexion creases
     - Dermatoglyphics in clinical disorders
     - Clinical applications, its advantages & limitations

 6. Prenatal Diagnosis
    - introduction & definition
    - various procedures used such as Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, Ultrasonography & Fetoscopy.

 7. Oncogenetics:
     - Properties of malignant cells
     - Types of Genes-proto oncogenes, Oncogenes, cellular oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Viral oncogenes.
    - Chromosomal Abnormalities associated with the specific malignancies -APL, ALL, CLL, CML & Retinoblastoma.

 8. Genetics & society
     - Eugenics: Positive & Negative, Euthenics, Euphenics
    - Human Genome project
    - Gene Therapy
    - Stem cells-Definition, types & source. A brief account on cord blood banking & stem cell therapy.
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Genetics

Paper 6 Human Genetics
   
    BIOCHEMISTRY

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Wednesday, 25 June 2014

V Semester BSC Genetics(recombinant DNA Technology)

                  Recombinant DNA Technology

          -- Overview of major steps involved.

2. Tools for RDT
          
            #Enzymes
           
                   -- Restriction endonucleases: Types & characteristic features, Nomenclature, Modification of cut ends
                  -- DNA ligases
                  -- Other enzymes: A brief account of alkaline phosphatase, polynucleotide, kinase, ExonucleaseIII, DnaseI, Mung bean & SI nuclease, DNA polymerase & klenow fragment, terminal nucleotidyl transferase, RNA dependent DNA polymerase, RNase, RNaseH.

           # Vectors
                    -- properties of an ideal vector
                    -- Types: Cloning & Expression vectors.


a) Cloning vectors:
            - prokaryotic vectors: Plasmid -- pBR322;      pUC18; Bacteriophages, Lambda phage-inserton & replacement types; M13mp types; Cosmids.
          - Eukaryotic vectors: YAC vectors; Shuttle vectors-Yeast & E.Coli
          - For higher plants: Integrative DNA transfer-Agrobacterium vectors-Ti plasmid Binary & Co integrated vectors, Gene transfer mechanism- Non integrative DNA transfer - plant viral vectors (CaMV, TMV & Gemini)
         - For animals: Animal viral vectors-SV 40       (3types), Retroviral & Vaccinia viral vector

b) Expression vectors in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes.

3. Technique for RDT
           - Gel electrophoresis
           - Hybridization: Southern, Northern, western, Dot blots
           - Auto radiography
           - DNA sequencing: Sanger's Dideoxy method
           - Molecular probes

4. Isolation of the desired gene.
          - cDNA Library
          - Genomic library
          - Organo-Chemical synthesis
          - Amplification through PCR

5. Direct gene transfer methods:
          -- Chemical methods
          -- Lipofection
          -- Electroporation
          -- Micro injection
          -- Ballistic method (Particle shot gun method)

6. Selection & Screening of recombinant:

         # Identification & selection of transformed cells:
               -- Direct methods-Insertion inactivation, Visual screening method, plaque formation, Complementation of mutation/nutrition
              -- Indirect methods-Colony hybridisation, Immunochemical detection use of selectable & selectable & scorable genes:
               a) selectable genes: Plants - NPR; Animals-TK
               b) Scorable genes: Plants-Gut;  
                       Animal--lux
        # Expression of cloned genes: products generated due to the recombinant gene expression in host & their applications.


7. Applications:
       - Transgenic Animals: Mouse (Knockout, methodology, applications); A brief account of transgenic sheep, Goat, poultry, Fish, cow, pig, Rabbit with value added attributes
       - Transgenic Plants: Resistance to
 Diseases(pathogen resistant-viral, fungal & bacteria); insects (Bt gene transfer); herbicides; Fertilizer management - Nif gene transfer.
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Genetics

Paper 6 Human Genetics
   
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IV Semester BSC Genetics

    IV Semester (Molecular Genetics)

 1. Chemical basis of Heredity
      - DNA as genetic material, Experiment of Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, Mc Carry & Hard hey chase
       - RNA as genetic Material-Experiment of Frankel & Singer

 2. Nucleic Acids
     - DNA structure & Types
     - RNA structure & Types
     - Ribozymes

 3.DNA Replication
     - DNA replication in prokaryotes & Rolling circle Model
     - DNA replication in Eukaryotes

 4. Gene Expression
     - Genetic code: Brief introduction
     - protein synthesis in prokaryotes & Eukaryotes translation
                -- Transcription ("rho" dependent & "rho" independent Termination)
                -- Post transcriptional modifications
               -- Translation
     - Regulation of Gene Expression
               --- inducible operons-Galactose
               --- Repressible operon - Tryptophan

 5. Genome organisation & fine structure of the gene
        - Prokaryotic genome - chromosomal & plasmid
        - Eukaryotic genome-chromosomal & organellar
        - Fine structure of the Gene - Cistron, Moton & Recon

6. Transposable elements
       -- Maize & Drosophila

 7. Bacterial Genetics
       -- Transformation
       -- Transduction - Generalized & specialized
       -- Conjugation - F- Factor mediated, Hfr & sexduction

 8. Mutations
      -- Introduction & Types of Gene Mutation - Base substitution, Frame shift mutation ( insertion, deletion, missence, nonsense mutation)
      -- Mutagens - Physical & chemical
      -- Reverse mutation in bacteria, DNA repair mechanism (mismatch repair, photoreactivation, Excision & SOS repair).
     -- Beneficial & harmful effects of mutation.

 9. Introduction to Genomic & Proteomics.
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Genetics

Paper 6 Human Genetics
   
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